Additionally, the vertical mixing by tidal currents varies markedly with the fortnightly spring–neap cycle. 1) around which intense tidal mixing caused by large amplitude tidal currents is likely to destroy ocean stratification in summer. This semi-enclosed ocean surrounded by the Japan Islands includes narrow channels, islands and peninsulas ( Supplementary Fig. The Seto Inland Sea was chosen for the present study. Nonetheless, especially in summer, it is likely that oceanic influences on atmospheric processes will be detected in coastal waters because intense tidal mixing causes large spatio-temporal variations in SST 12. Studies of coastal waters may be limited by contamination of microwave remote sensing observations by surrounding land, coarse spatial resolution and a lack of in situ wind measurements above coastal waters. However, few studies have investigated the modification of surface winds by SST in coastal waters 10, 11. Recent studies using satellite microwave remote sensing data have shown that surface winds are positively correlated with SST (i.e., stronger winds occur above warmer water) in open oceans, such as the tropics 1, 2, the Gulf Stream 3, 4, 5, the Kuroshio 6, the Kuroshio Extension 7 and the northwestern Indian Ocean 8, partly as a result of vertical momentum mixing with intense winds at high altitudes 9. Moreover, the fortnightly spring–neap cycle also influences the surface wind speed because the atmospheric boundary layer becomes stabilized or destabilized in response to the difference between air temperature and SST. Additionally, surface air temperature is positively correlated with the SST as it varies during the fortnightly tidal cycle. We find that the SST in summer shows cool (warm) anomalies over most of the inland sea during spring (neap) tides. We use a combination of in situ measurements, satellite observations and a regional atmospheric model. Here we investigate how changes in SST during the fortnightly tidal cycle affect the lower-level atmosphere over the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. Oceanic stratification (and consequently, SST) in coastal waters largely depends on the fortnightly spring–neap tidal cycle, because of variations in vertical tidal mixing. However, atmospheric responses to SST in coastal waters are poorly understood. When the sun and the moon’s gravitational forces are at right angles to each other, they create the least tidal bulge.The influence of sea surface temperature (SST) on atmospheric processes over the open ocean has been well documented. The diagram above shows yet again, the moon’s rotation around the earth (red), the Earth’s rotation around the sun (yellow). A neap tide is where the sun and moon are at their least aligned point The neap tide occurs 7 days after the spring tide. When the sun and moons are at right angles to each other, there is least gravitational pull, meaning the tidal range is at its lowest. When the sun and the moon’s gravitational forces combine, they create the greatest tidal bulge (dark blue). The diagram above shows the moon’s rotation around the earth (red), the Earth’s rotation around the sun (yellow). A spring tide is caused by the alignment of the sun and the moon This means the side of the earth where both the sun and the moon align have the lowest tide, where the opposite side of the earth experiences the highest. This is because both the sun and the moon have combined greater gravitational force which pulls the sea towards them. The spring tide is where the sun and the moon align to create the greatest gravitational pull on the sea. ![]() In contrast, a neap tide is one where the difference between the high and low tides is at its lowest. Spring tide essentially is the two tides where the sea is at its most extreme the highest and lowest. There are two extremes of the tide spring tide (or sometimes referred to as ‘King’ tide) and neap tide. Our tides are controlled by the gravitational pull of the moon as it orbits Earth.
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